What might swelling and bruising indicate in a patient?

Swelling and bruising in a patient are often indicative of internal bleeding. When internal bleeding occurs, it can cause blood to accumulate in the surrounding tissues, leading to localized swelling and discoloration (bruising) as blood leaks from damaged vessels. This is particularly common in injuries where blood vessels are ruptured, such as in cases of trauma. The body's natural response to injury exacerbates this condition, as it attempts to manage the bleeding and initiate healing processes.

In contrast, while infection, allergic reactions, and skin irritation may also cause swelling, their associated symptoms and underlying mechanisms differ significantly. For example, infections often bring about redness, warmth, and may produce purulent discharge, whereas allergic reactions typically involve more widespread swelling, hives, or rashes. Skin irritation usually manifests with localized redness or irritation but does not typically result in significant bruising. Understanding the specific characteristics and implications of each of these conditions can help healthcare providers arrive at a more accurate assessment.